Jan 20, · The main aim of a scoping review is to provide an overview of published literature in order to identify key trends, approaches used to study a topic or gaps in an area of interest. This approach is distinct from a systematic review that attempts to pool and analyze data from existing studies in order to draw stronger conclusions on a measurable Aug 30, · The overall economic impact of obesity in the US appears to be substantial. Although a comprehensive aggregation across the different categories of literature is an important goal for future research, simple addition of key effects identified in this review would suggest total annual economic costs associated with obesity in excess of $ billion The findings from the review of literature clearly indicated that the causes of delay vary from country to country; especially the critical causes in a developing country are quite different than
Spatial analysis - Wikipedia
Economic growth is considered an important determinant of population health. Relevant studies investigating the effect of economic growth on health outcomes were identified from Google Scholar and PubMed searches in economics and medical journals. Additional resources generated through economic growth are potentially useful for improving population health.
The empirical evidence on the aggregate effect of economic growth on population health is rather mixed and inconclusive. The causal pathways from economic growth to population health are crucial and failure or success in completing the pathways explains differences in empirical findings.
Future research should investigate how additional resources can more effectively reach those in need and how additional resources can be used more efficiently. It is particularly relevant to understand why preventive health care in developing countries is very price elastic whereas curative health care is very health inelastic and how this understanding can inform public health policy. There literature review on economic order quantity a strong positive association between average income or wealth and indicators of population health status, which is evident both across countries and within countries.
Data from was used for life expectancy and under-five mortality and the latest available observations for each country for stunting. Concomitant regressions reported at the bottom of each panel indicate that these relationships are always statistically significant. Indicators of population health against GNI per capita. We use the most recent year for each country for which both variables in each scatter plot are available. Source: Data accessed through wbopendata-Stata module in December In this review, we focus on the causal effect of economic development on population health.
That such a causal effect exists is plausible: firstly, growth may affect the consumption of health-relevant commodities. Importantly, growth may improve nutrition through an increase in the consumption of nutritious foods.
Well-nourished individuals are in turn in a better position to resist bacterial diseases and have better prospects to recover from illnesses. Increasing incomes can lead to an increase in consumption of calories and micronutrients, which is particularly beneficial for better health outcomes in developing countries. People may invest in curative as well as preventative health goods as well as other health-relevant goods as a result of higher incomes.
Secondly, economic growth may affect the supply side of health if it allows governments to increase spending on effective public health services and complements in the production of health such as improved transportation infrastructure. On the demand-side, there may be an increase in the demand for goods associated with health risks, including alcohol and smoking consumption.
Economic development can also be linked to concomitant shifts in dietary structure and lifestyle habits. It can literature review on economic order quantity a sedentary lifestyle and adverse eating habits, which may, in turn, result in an increase in non-communicable diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
The remainder of this study comes in two parts: in the first part, results literature review on economic order quantity a systematic literature search on the effect of economic development on health outcomes are presented.
In the second part, the potential causal pathways from economic growth to population health are discussed.
We then included only empirical studies that considered indicators of health outcomes, including mortality, malnutrition, and life expectancy, as the dependent variable and Gross Domestic Product GDPGDP per capita, growth in GDP or GDP per capita or the unemployment rate as the main explanatory variable. We further did backward and forward citation searches with the remaining studies. Studies which focus primarily on the reverse causal link from health to economic growth were excluded from the review.
Also excluded were studies that use individual-level indicators e. family or personal income as the explanatory variable as these exclude, by construction, public health interventions as an important pathway from economic development to health. We also did not consider studies which exclusively looked at business cycle variations in developing countries. Table 1 provides literature review on economic order quantity of the studies that resulted from the literature search.
The search suggests the existence of distinct strands of the literature that we summarize briefly in what follows. They deal, respectively, with 1 the effect of economic growth on child survival, 2 the effect of growth on child undernutrition, and 3 the effect of economic downturns on mortality from various causes.
While the first two strands focus on developing countries, the third looks at downturns in developed countries. Table 1 Summary of studies. These results are robust to a large number of alternative specifications and samples as well as to using instrumental variables to extract exogenous variation in GDP per capita. They are somewhat lower in absolute terms than elasticities obtained from cross-country regression.
One disadvantage of the study above is that the mortality series relies to a large extent on interpolation and may be thus inappropriate when identification flows solely from variation across time, literature review on economic order quantity. The authors acknowledge this and present various robustness checks that leave their main conclusions intact.
Nevertheless, more convincing evidence on the effect of growth on premature mortality stems from a recent study that relies on data on 1. The authors then show that fluctuations in GDP per capita have a large negative effect on infant mortality: a one percent increase in GDP per capita is associated with a decrease in infant mortality by between 0.
The elasticity varies by gender of the child with a greater elasticity in absolute terms for femalesby location literature review on economic order quantity for births in rural areasand by birth order greater for higher order births. The authors also show by including mother fixed-effects that their result cannot be explained by a change in the composition of women that give birth and remains significant even once the authors control for weather shocks droughts and floods and episodes of conflict.
As a whole, the studies from Table 1 point to the conclusion that increases in GDP per capita are associated with reductions in mortality in low- and middle-income countries, literature review on economic order quantity. A number of studies of the effect of economic growth on anthropometric indicators of child nutrition such as underweight 21 and stunting 13 relied on country-level data. They usually reported a negative and statistically significant relationship, although the parameter estimates often suggested only a modest effect.
A recent study based on data from the DHS on more than children in 36 countries investigates the relationship between growth and anthropometric indicators of early childhood undernutrition. Contrary to the theory that economic growth will lead to better health, findings indicate that the effect of growth on childhood undernutrition in the medium- to short-run is close to zero.
This finding is robust to a wide variety of empirical specifications, the inclusion of different sets of covariates, and across subsamples. Two studies that rely on similar methods to investigate this relationship for India and Sub-Saharan Africa respectively arrive at broadly similar conclusions.
Overall, the summary of studies in Table 1 indicates that there is no conclusive evidence that growth of GDP per capita plays a major role for reducing childhood undernutrition. In a series of papers Christopher Ruhm 16 — 2024 shows that state-level mortality rates in the US are pro-cyclical, i. that mortality increases during recessions. The result is economically significant: a one-percentage point decrease in the state unemployment rate in the US is associated with a 0.
The author finds that about one fourth of the increase is due to an increase in externally caused deaths, particularly traffic fatalities. Deaths from cancer, on the other hand, are not found to be sensitive to changes in unemployment rates and deaths from suicides increase during downturns. Turning to infant health specifically, literature review on economic order quantity, a study based on state-level data from the USA finds that infants' health status improves during economic downturns.
The first finding is consistent with mothers having more time available, that is, with decreasing opportunity costs of time spent not working. The second finding is consistent with credit constraints: uneducated mothers may be less likely to be in a position to afford a pregnancy financially during downturns. In addition, there is evidence that a recession's effect on air pollution may play a role for child health outcomes.
The above studies investigate the effect of short-run fluctuations in growth or unemployment rates on mortality. It seems very likely that shocks to permanent income, that is, events that permanently alter an individual's income path over time, would have very different effects. And while the above studies rely mostly on repeated cross-sections, analyzing the effect of permanent income changes would require panel data with many observations over time.
Sullivan and von Wachter 26 show that earnings of US workers averaged over long time periods are a significant predictor of future mortality risk. A follow-up study based on the same data investigates the effect on the long-run mortality risks of US workers of job displacement. And while this effect decays over time, literature review on economic order quantity, the temporal pattern indicated that the total loss in life expectancy of a worker laid off at age 40 may be around 1.
In summary, there exists evidence from high-income countries that temporary economic downturns can lead to improved health outcomes; however, this is not necessarily true for long-term economic decline.
Taken together, three main conclusions emerge from this discussion. Firstly, literature review on economic order quantity, the effects of short-run fluctuations in growth typically vary with a country's stage of development. Health, particularly when operationalized as mortality rates, tends to be counter-cyclical in developed and pro-cyclical in developing countries. While changes in health behaviors are the main driver of counter-cyclicality in developed countries, these findings are also consistent with findings from the literature on the cyclicality of public health expenditures that typically indicate that expenditure is counter-cyclical in developed and pro-cyclical in developing countries.
The little evidence that exists suggests positive effects of an increase in permanent income on health outcomes. Third, how health outcomes are literature review on economic order quantity tends to matter. There is convincing empirical evidence for a positive effect of downturns on mortality rates in developing countries while the case for an effect on changes in nutritional outcomes, is much weaker. In this section, we investigate the channels through which economic growth impacts population health.
We include studies that we found by targeted keyword searches, screening the references and citing articles of the original search in order to establish the pathways from economic growth to population health.
Several factors could potentially account for the failure of the above-mentioned studies to establish a robust positive causal effect of higher incomes on health.
First, if economic growth improves health but also increases survival chances, the net effect on health is ambiguous as those that survive due to higher incomes might have lower levels of health. Second, whether rising incomes will increase population health might depend on the distribution of gains in the population. If only those in good health benefit, the effect on overall population health will be small.
This is potentially an issue both within and between households as we will discuss below. Third, literature review on economic order quantity, the effect of additional income on health will depend on how this literature review on economic order quantity income is spent.
Additional income might be spent on goods and services that have no or even a negative effect on health. Finally, it could be that public health services and infrastructure play a decisive role such that without improvements in this area, literature review on economic order quantity, the effect of economic growth on health status is negligible.
The effect of growth on childhood mortality is significant and sizable yet insignificant and small in studies that use undernutrition as a measure of health. As an empirical matter, one explanation for this could be positive sample selection: if improvements in nutritional status also lower the probability of premature death, the composition of the sample is altered in that it will also include individuals that would otherwise have died. If, at the same time, undernutrition is an important cause of death, the relationship between childhood mortality and anthropometric outcomes may be non-monotonic.
There are, to the best of our knowledge, only two studies that investigate the issue directly. The first is a recent cross-country study on the relationship between adult height, an important marker for chronic undernutrition during childhood, and mortality rates of children. On the other hand, this relationship is negative and monotonic at lower levels of mortality.
The second is a study based on DHS data from India. In other words, in order for the selection effect to be large, literature review on economic order quantity, differences in anthropometrics between children who died and those who survived would have to be very large. Literature review on economic order quantity demand-side argument above will fail and economic growth will not translate into improvements in health outcomes if the gains to growth accrue to those in good health only.
But the poor typically suffer from the largest disease burden, literature review on economic order quantity. An important link in the causal chain from economic growth to population health is thus the link between growth of average incomes and growth of the incomes of the poor.
A widely cited study finds that growth in average incomes translates into about equi-proportionate growth in the incomes at the lower end of the income distribution 31 and this finding has been confirmed in an updated dataset recently.
There is, however, considerable variation in how episodes of growth translated into poverty reductions across space and time. The demand-side channel discussed above works through changes in expenditure on health-relevant goods and services, where goods are broadly defined and also include time spent in different activities e.
EOQ Economic Order Quantity formula and explanation
, time: 10:16The economic impact of obesity in the United States
Jan 09, · Literature review Search strategy. screening the references and citing articles of the original search in order to establish the pathways from economic growth to population health. Several factors could potentially account for the failure of the above-mentioned studies to establish a robust positive causal effect of higher incomes on health Spatial analysis or spatial statistics includes any of the formal techniques which studies entities using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. Spatial analysis includes a variety of techniques, many still in their early development, using different analytic approaches and applied in fields as diverse as astronomy, with its studies of the placement of galaxies in the cosmos Systematic reviews are a type of review that uses repeatable analytical methods to collect secondary data and analyse it. Systematic reviews are a type of evidence synthesis which formulate research questions that are broad or narrow in scope, and identify and synthesize data that directly relate to the systematic review question. While some people might associate 'systematic review' with
No comments:
Post a Comment