In order to provide STO to an eligible employee, the supervisor must produce a statement to be preserved in the employing department which will include (1) identification of the affected employee(s); (2) a statement that the employee(s) was/were directed by him/her to come to work or remain at work for any or all of a period of inclement Merit (Sanskrit: puṇya, Pali: puñña) is a concept considered fundamental to Buddhist blogger.com is a beneficial and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts. Merit-making is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, determines the quality of the next life and contributes to a person's growth towards enlightenment #1: Make Your Thesis Crystal Clear. The thesis is the key to your argumentative essay; if it isn’t clear or readers can’t find it easily, your entire essay will be weak as a result. Always make sure that your thesis statement is easy to find
Merit (Buddhism) - Wikipedia
Merit Sanskrit : puṇyaPali : puñña is a concept considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics. It is a merit pay thesis statement and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts.
Merit-making is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, merit pay thesis statement, determines the quality of the next life and contributes to a person's growth towards enlightenment.
In addition, merit is also shared with a deceased loved one, in order to help the deceased in their new existence. Despite modernizationmerit-making remains essential in traditional Buddhist countries and has had a significant impact on the rural economies in these countries.
Merit is connected with the notions of purity and goodness, merit pay thesis statement. Before Buddhism, merit was used with regard to ancestor worshipbut in Buddhism it gained a more general ethical meaning. Merit is merit pay thesis statement force that results from good deeds done; it is capable of attracting good circumstances in a person's life, as well as improving the person's mind and inner well-being.
Moreover, it affects the next lives to come, as well as the destination a person is reborn. The opposite of merit is demerit papaand it is believed that merit is able to weaken demerit. Indeed, merit has even been connected to the path to Nirvana itself, merit pay thesis statement, but many scholars say that this refers only to some types of merit.
Merit can be gained in a number of ways, such as givingvirtue and mental development. In addition, there are many forms of merit-making described in ancient Buddhist texts. A similar merit pay thesis statement of kusala Sanskrit: kusala is also known, merit pay thesis statement, which is different from merit in some details. The most fruitful form of merit-making is those good deeds done with regard to the Triple Gemthat is, the Buddhahis teachings, the Dhamma Sanskrit: Dharmaand the Sangha.
In Buddhist societies, a great variety of practices involving merit-making has grown throughout the centuries, sometimes involving great self-sacrifice. Merit has become part of ritualsdaily and weekly practiceand festivals.
In addition, there is a widespread custom of transferring merit to one's deceased relatives, of which the origin is still a matter of scholarly debate. Merit has been that important in Buddhist societies, that kingship was often legitimated through it, and still is. In modern society, merit-making has been criticized as materialist, but merit-making is still ubiquitous in many societies. Examples of the impact of beliefs about merit-making can be seen in the Phu Mi Bun rebellions which took place in the last centuries, as well as in the revival of certain forms of merit-making, such as the much discussed merit release.
Puñña literally translates as 'merit, meritorious action, virtue'. Before the arising of Buddhism, merit was commonly used in the context of Brahmanical sacrifice, and it was believed that merit accrued through such sacrifice would bring the devotee to an eternal heaven of the 'fathers' Sanskrit : pitṛ, pitara. In the Tipiṭaka Sanskrit : Tripitaka ; the Buddhist scripturesthe importance of merit is often stressed, merit pay thesis statement.
Merit is generally considered fundamental to Buddhist ethics, in nearly all Buddhist traditions. Merit is a "beneficial and protective force which extends over a long period of time" B.
Terwiel —and is the effect merit pay thesis statement good deeds Pali : kammaSanskrit : karma done through physical action, words, or thought. definition indicates, this force is associated with goodness and purity of mind. A mixture of the two generates mixed results in a person's life. This karmic correspondence Pali : kamma-sarikkhatā or "automatic cosmic reaction" Brokaw is a common idea found in Buddhist texts and Buddhist societies, [19] [26] and explains why people are different and lead different lives in many ways.
All these benefits of merit Pali : ānisaṁsa ; Sanskrit : ānuśaṁsawhether internal or external, are the aim in merit-making, and are often subject of Dharma teachings and texts. This symbol is used in merit transfer ceremonies, for example, merit pay thesis statement. Merit is not only a concept, but also a way of living. In Buddhist texts and practice, giving is considered the easiest of the three bases of merit. Being the main criterion for moral behavior in Buddhism, virtue is mostly about the undertaking of five precepts[17] [58] although the eight precepts may be kept now and then.
It is, however, only mental development that can take someone to the highest heavenly worlds, or to Nirvana. Post-canonical texts and commentaries [note 2] such as the Dhammasaṅganī and Atthasālinī[64] [65] elaborating on the three bases of merit, state that lay devotees can make merit by performing ten deeds. Seven items are then added to the previous three:. These ten, the Commentator Buddhaghosa says, all fit within the three first bases of merit: 'Giving' includes 'Transferring merit to others' and 'Rejoicing in others' merit' by extension, whereas 'Virtue' includes 'Honoring others' and 'Offering service'.
The remaining items 'Listening to Teachings', 'Instructing others in the Teachings' and 'Straightening one's own views' are part of 'Mental development'.
Such good deeds are also highly valued in the other two Buddhist schools, that is Mahāyāna China, Japan, etc, merit pay thesis statement. and Vajrayāna Tibet, Nepal, etc. In some forms of Mahāyāna or Vajrayāna it is believed, however, that even more merit will accrue from certain ritual actions, sometimes called the 'power of blessed substances' Standard Tibetan : rdzas.
These are considered an addition to the traditional list and can help protect against calamities or other negative events caused by bad karma. A number of scholars have criticized the concepts of merit and karma as amoral, merit pay thesis statement, egoist and calculative, citing its quantitative nature and emphasis on personal benefits in observing morality. Such moral concern is also part of the Buddhist path, cultivated through loving-kindness and the other sublime attitudes Pali : brahamavihāra.
In post-canonical and vernacular Pāli literature, such as the Jātaka stories of the Buddha's previous lives, the Avadānas and Anisaṃsa texts, as well as in many Mahāyāna texts, merit is the main concept. It is regarded as something which can be accumulated throughout different lifetimes in the process of attaining Buddhahoodand is also instrumental in attaining it. The Bodhisatta intent on accomplishing Buddhahood and bringing other beings across the ocean of suffering, must do so by accumulating all sorts of merits, in this context also called perfections Pali : pāramī ; Sanskrit : pāramitā.
This form of merit-making is always led by a vow for enlightenment Pali : panidhāna ; Sanskrit : praṇidhānamerit pay thesis statement, and an intention to enlighten others as well, as well as the transferring of merits to all living beings to that effect. Not only is the quality of people's next rebirth affected by their merits, merit pay thesis statement also the circumstances in which they are reborn; not only in the next life, but also in adjacent lives after that.
Wealth, merit pay thesis statement, lifespan, and position are all contingent on merit. In Buddhist texts further details are given in what way and to what extent a meritorious deed will bring results: this depends on the spiritual quality of the recipient, the spiritual attitude of the giver, the manner in which one gives and the object given. If the recipient is spiritually "not worthy merit pay thesis statement the gift", the gift will still be meritorious provided the giver's intention is good, and this is also valid the other way around.
With regard to the size of the gift, a larger gift is usually more meritorious than a smaller one, but purity of mind affects merit more than the gift's size. A teaching that exists in both Mahāyāna merit pay thesis statement and Theravādin suttas is the teaching on the Ten Wholesome Ways of Action Pali : kusaladhamma. In Mahāyāna, this teaching is described as the way in which a Bodhisattva prevents "suffering in all evil destinies ". These ten wholesome ways are:, merit pay thesis statement.
These ten actions are described as akusala 'unwholesome'; Sanskrit : akuśalaand when abstaining from them it is called kusala 'wholesome'; Sanskrit : kuśala. Akusalamūla are the roots of evil in the mind the defilementswhereas the kusalamūla are roots connected with good qualities of the mind. Both of them are called roots because they are qualities that can be cultivated and grown in the mind.
Puñña and pāpa are close in meaning to kusala and merit pay thesis statement. Both pairs are used for distinguishing between ethically right and wrong.
However, even though the negatives akusala and pāpa have almost the same meaning, there are some differences between the positives, kusala and puñña. According to P. PremasiriKusala is used to describe a more direct path to Nirvana than puñña.
It is unlikely that in the Tipiṭaka meditation would be regarded as an indirect path or obstacle to Nirvana, [99] [] and there are passages that directly relate merit to Nirvana.
But whereas merit aims for the 'beautiful and praiseworthy' RTGS : suai-ngam na chuenchom aspect of such cleanliness, with worldly benefits such as wealth, praise and happiness; kusala aims for the 'purity' RTGS : borisut aspect of cleanliness, with enlightenment as its benefit.
Phra Payutto does add that both need to be accumulated on the Buddhist path. In making this comparison, he says this only holds for worldly merit, not for transcendental merit. Collins equates transcendental merit with kusala. In a widely quoted theory, Melford Spiro and Winston King have distinguished two forms of Buddhism found in traditional Buddhist societies, "kammatic Buddhism" focused on activities such as merit-making, and "nibbanic Buddhism" which focuses on the liberation from suffering and rebirth.
This view has, however, been downplayed or criticized by many other scholars, who believe that kammatic practices are in many ways connected to nibbanic practices, and the aims of monks and laypeople cannot be that easily separated. This transcendency thesis has also been applied to scriptural interpretation. When discussing the path to the attainment of Nirvana, in some passages merit pay thesis statement the Tipiṭaka merit is rejected.
For example, in the Padhāna Sutta, the Bodhisatta the Buddha Gotama to be is tempted by Māra to give up his self-torture practices to do meritorious acts instead. The Bodhisatta replies that even a bit of merit is no use to him Pali : "anumattenāpi puññena attho mayhaṃ na vijjati". Some scholars, supporting the transcendency thesis, have interpreted this to mean that merit can only lead to happiness and progress within Saṃsārabut does not merit pay thesis statement to Nirvana, and must in fact be discarded before attaining Nirvana.
Whereas the term adhamma in the text clearly refers to evil views, the meaning of dhamma is subject to different interpretations. Considering that no other similar passage can be found in the Tipiṭaka, Keown believes that only this passage is not enough to base the transcendency thesis on.
In the Pāli Canon, an enlightened person is said to be neutral in terms of karma, that is, the person no longer generates karma, merit, or demerit. Other scholars have criticized this as making little sense, considering how the Buddha would normally emphasize ethics. The fact that an enlightened person is neutral in terms of karma, merit pay thesis statement, does not mean he is ethically neutral. They therefore do not need to accumulate goodness and the resulting happiness anymore.
They no longer need to strive for a happy rebirth in the next life, because they have gone beyond rebirth. Their enlightenment is, merit pay thesis statement, however, an ethical perfection as well, though this is solely described as kusalanot as puñña.
In pre-Buddhist Brahmanism, merit pay thesis statement, Brahmin priests used to perform yajña s sacrifices and thereby generating merit for the donors who provided gifts for the sacrifice.
In Buddhism, it was the Buddhist monk who assumed this role, considered qualified to receive generosity from devotees and thereby generating merit for them. He came to be described as āhuneyyo 'worthy of offering'by analogy with the Brahmanical term āhavanīya 'worthy merit pay thesis statement sacrifice', used in offerings to the ritual fire ; and as dakkhiṇeyyo 'qualified to accept the offering'by analogy with the Brahmanical dakśiṇāthe sacrificial offering itself.
That is not to say that such offerings were not important in early Buddhism : giving to the Sangha was the first Buddhist activity which allowed for community participation, and preceded the first rituals in Buddhism. The main concept of the field of merit is that good deeds done towards some recipients accrue merit pay thesis statement merit than good deeds to other recipients.
This is compared with a seed planted in fertile ground which reaps more and better fruits than in infertile ground. But in many texts, the Buddha and the Dhamma, and their representations, are also described merit pay thesis statement fields of merit. For example, Mahāyāna tradition considers production and reverence of Dharma texts very meritorious—this tradition, sometimes referred to as the "cult of the book" Gregory Schopenmerit pay thesis statement, stimulated the development of print technology in China.
Rhys DavidsA Study of the Buddhist Norm []. The ten bases of merit are very popular in Buddhist countries. In this regard, there is a saying in Burma, merit pay thesis statement, "Your hands are always close to offering donations". Giving is the fundamental way of making merit for many laypeople, as monks are not allowed to cook by themselves. Merit-making has thus created a symbiotic relationship between laypeople and Sangha, [77] [66] [] and the Sangha is obligated to be accessible to laypeople, for them to make merit.
Comparison/Contrast Thesis Statements and Introductions
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#1: Make Your Thesis Crystal Clear. The thesis is the key to your argumentative essay; if it isn’t clear or readers can’t find it easily, your entire essay will be weak as a result. Always make sure that your thesis statement is easy to find In order to provide STO to an eligible employee, the supervisor must produce a statement to be preserved in the employing department which will include (1) identification of the affected employee(s); (2) a statement that the employee(s) was/were directed by him/her to come to work or remain at work for any or all of a period of inclement Merit (Sanskrit: puṇya, Pali: puñña) is a concept considered fundamental to Buddhist blogger.com is a beneficial and protective force which accumulates as a result of good deeds, acts, or thoughts. Merit-making is important to Buddhist practice: merit brings good and agreeable results, determines the quality of the next life and contributes to a person's growth towards enlightenment
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